Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried parts from the cannabis plant. The plant contains chemicals that affect the brain and can change how you feel or think.

The main active chemicals are cannabinoids, including:

• THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which causes the "high"
• CBD (cannabidiol), which does not cause a high

There are many ways that people use cannabis, including:

• Rolling it up and smoking it like a cigarette ("joint") or cigar ("blunt")
• Smoking it in a pipe ("bowl") or water pipe ("bong")
• Mixing it into drinks like tea, or food like cakes or brownies ("edibles")
• Smoking concentrated oils ("dabbing")
• Using electronic vaporizers ("vaping")
• Taking liquid drops under the tongue ("tinctures")
• Applying it to the skin as lotions or balms ("topicals")

Topical products usually do not cause a high.

Cannabis can cause short-term and long-term effects. These can vary depending on:

• How much you use
• How often you use it
• The THC level
• The ingredients
• How you take it
• Other medicines or drugs used at the same time
• Other health conditions you have
• Your age and sex
• Your experience with cannabis

Short-term effects:

While you are high, you may notice:

• Changes in senses, such as seeing brighter colors
• Altered sense of time, such as minutes seeming like hours
• Changes in mood
• Problems with body movement
• Trouble with thinking, problem-solving, and memory
• Increased appetite
• Slower reaction time

Secondhand smoke from cannabis products has many of the same risks as secondhand tobacco smoke.

Long-term effects:

In the long term, cannabis can cause health problems, which can include:

• Problems with brain development. People who started using cannabis as teenagers may have trouble with thinking, memory, and learning.
• Coughing and breathing problems, if you smoke cannabis frequently.
• Repeated episodes of nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain due to long-term, heavy cannabis use. This is called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).
• Problems with fetal and child development during and after pregnancy, if you smoke cannabis while pregnant.

Heavy long-term use of cannabis has been linked to increased risk of cancer, digestive issues, heart problems, and mental health problems.

It is possible to overdose on cannabis, if you take a very high dose. You may feel anxious or panicked or have a rapid heartbeat. In rare cases, an overdose can cause paranoia and hallucinations. There are no reports of people dying from just using cannabis.

Cannabis can be addictive. THC levels in products have increased over time. Stronger products raise the risk of addiction, known as cannabis use disorder. You are more likely to become addicted if you use cannabis every day or started using it when you were a teenager.

When you try to quit, you may have mild withdrawal symptoms such as:

• Irritability
• Trouble sleeping
• Decreased appetite
• Anxiety
• Cravings

The cannabis plant contains chemicals that may help with some health problems, but it's not clear if the whole plant can treat or cure them.

Recreational cannabis is still illegal under federal law. Federal rules have eased somewhat for medical cannabis and FDA-approved cannabis drugs.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved man-made forms of THC. These drugs treat nausea caused by chemotherapy and increase appetite in people with certain health conditions who have lost a lot of weight. There is also a liquid drug that contains CBD. It treats three forms of severe childhood epilepsy.

Researchers are studying whether cannabis and its ingredients may treat more conditions. Most U.S. states allow medical cannabis, and about half also allow recreational use for adults 21 and older.

NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse

Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks.

Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs. Glucose can be used immediately or stored in the liver and muscles for later use.

There are three main types of carbohydrates:

• Sugars. They are also called simple carbohydrates because they are in the most basic form. They can be added to foods, such as the sugar in candy, desserts, processed foods, and regular soda. They also include the kinds of sugar that are found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and milk.
• Starches. They are complex carbohydrates, which are made of lots of simple sugars strung together. Your body needs to break starches down into sugars to use them for energy. Starches include bread, cereal, and pasta. They also include certain vegetables, like potatoes, peas, and corn.
• Fiber. It is also a complex carbohydrate. Your body cannot break down most fibers, so eating foods with fiber can help you feel full and make you less likely to overeat. Diets high in fiber have other health benefits. They may help prevent stomach or intestinal problems, such as constipation. They may also help lower cholesterol and blood sugar. Fiber is found in many foods that come from plants, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, and whole grains.

Common foods with carbohydrates include:

• Grains, such as bread, noodles, pasta, crackers, cereals, and rice
• Fruits, such as apples, bananas, berries, mangoes, melons, and oranges
• Dairy products, such as milk and yogurt
• Legumes, including dried beans, lentils, and peas
• Snack foods and sweets, such as cakes, cookies, candy, and other desserts
• Juices, regular sodas, fruit drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks that contain sugar
• Starchy vegetables, such as potatoes, corn, and peas

Some foods don't have a lot of carbohydrates, such as meat, fish, poultry, some types of cheese, nuts, and oils.

You do need to eat some carbohydrates to give your body energy. But it's important to eat the right kinds of carbohydrates for your health:

• When eating grains, choose mostly whole grains and not refined grains:
  • Whole grains are foods like whole-wheat bread, brown rice, whole cornmeal, and oatmeal. They offer lots of nutrients that your body needs, like vitamins, minerals, and fiber. To figure out whether a product has a lot of whole grain, check the ingredients list on the package and see if a whole grain is one of the first few items listed.
  • Refined grains are foods that have had some parts of the grains removed. This also removes some of the nutrients that are good for your health.
• Eat foods with lots of fiber. The Nutrition Facts labels on the back of food packages tells you how much fiber a product has.
• Try to avoid foods that have a lot of added sugar. These foods can have many calories but not much nutrition. Eating too much added sugar raises your blood sugar and can make you gain weight. You can tell if a food or drink has added sugars by looking at the Nutrition Facts label on the back of the food package. It tells you how much total sugar and added sugar is in that food or drink.

There is no one-size-fits-all amount of carbohydrates that people should eat. This amount can vary, depending on factors such as your age, sex, health, and whether or not you are trying to lose or gain weight. On average, people should get 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates every day. On the Nutrition Facts labels, the Daily Value for total carbohydrates is 275 g per day. This is based on a 2,000-calorie daily diet. Your Daily Value may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs and health.

Some people go on a low-carb diet to try to lose weight. This usually means eating between 25 g and 150 g of carbs each day. This kind of diet can be safe, but you should talk to your health care provider before starting it. One problem with low-carb diets is that they can limit the amount of fiber you get each day. They can also be hard to stay on for the long term.

When you play the piano or hit a tennis ball you are activating the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the area of the brain that controls coordination and balance. Problems with the cerebellum include:

• Cancer
• Genetic disorders
• Ataxias - failure of muscle control in the arms and legs that result in movement disorders
• Degeneration - disorders caused by brain cells decreasing in size or wasting away

Treatment of cerebellar disorders depends on the cause. In some cases, there is no cure but treatment may help with symptoms.

NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the foreskin from the penis. The foreskin is the loose skin that covers the tip of the penis. In the United States, circumcision is often done before a new baby leaves the hospital.

As parents, it is your decision whether to have your baby circumcised. When making your decision, you should consider your own religious, cultural, and personal preferences, as well as the medical benefits and risks. You can discuss these with your baby's health care provider before you make a decision.

The possible medical benefits of circumcision include:

• A lower risk of HIV and some other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• A slightly lower risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) during the first year of life and penile cancer later in life. However, these conditions are rare in all males (circumcised or not).
• Prevention of certain penile problems, such as foreskin infections and phimosis, a condition in which the foreskin can't be retracted (pulled back).
• Easier hygiene.

The risks of circumcision include:

• A low risk of bleeding, infection, or scarring.
• A very low risk of having too much or not enough skin cut off.
• Pain. You can ask the health care provider to put a numbing medicine on your baby's penis to lessen the pain.

These risks are higher when circumcision is performed on older babies, boys, and men.

Premature babies and babies born with health problems should not be circumcised until they are healthy.

If have your baby circumcised, ask their provider how to care for the penis as it heals.

If your baby does not get circumcised, their provider can teach you how to keep your baby's penis clean. It's important to know that a newborn's foreskin may not retract completely. Over time, it retracts on its own.

Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue forms because of injury or long-term disease. Scar tissue cannot do what healthy liver tissue does - make protein, help fight infections, clean the blood, help digest food and store energy. Cirrhosis can lead to :

• Easy bruising or bleeding, or nosebleeds
• Swelling of the abdomen or legs
• Extra sensitivity to medicines
• High blood pressure in the vein entering the liver
• Enlarged veins called varices in the esophagus and stomach. Varices can bleed suddenly.
• Kidney failure
• Jaundice
• Severe itching
• Gallstones

A small number of people with cirrhosis get liver cancer.

Your doctor will diagnose cirrhosis with blood tests, imaging tests, or a biopsy.

Cirrhosis has many causes. In the United States, the most common causes are chronic alcoholism and hepatitis. Nothing will make the scar tissue disappear, but treating the cause can keep it from getting worse. If too much scar tissue forms, you may need to consider a liver transplant.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases